These include Java, JavaScript, Python, Scala, .NET, C#, C++, PHP, SQL, Swift, CSS, HTML, Ruby, Ada. Programming languages ​​have different uses. For example, server and desktop languages ​​are: C, C++, C#, Java; mobile languages ​​– Android: Java and Kotlin, IOS: Swift, Objective-C; web languages ​​– Front end: HTML, CSS, Backend: Ruby, Python, PHP, Java. When recruiting, it is worth paying attention not only to what language the candidate knows, but also in what environment he used it and for what applications - desktop, mobile or web.

“ Not everything that can be counted counts and not everything that counts can be counted.” -Albert Einstein 

Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s) are critical to running a successful business, as they provide the leadership with view of what is actually happening with the business, much like an airplane’s instrument panel.  Ever thought of flying without knowing which direction you are going? Or How much fuel you have? 

               Successful KPI should have the following traits: 

• Outcome-oriented - They need to set a goal. 
• Quantifiable – They need to measurable 
• Set in a defined time frame 
• Reflective of you business strategy 

In summary they need to define, what need to be achieved, how much of it and by when in order for the business to fulfill the leaderships strategy.  

KPI’s can be used provide insight into all areas of an organization, such as: 

• Measuring your customers and understanding your customers 
• Monitor your financial performance 
• Help control internal processes 
• Help understand your staff 

               While collection the data for KPI’s in purely scientific.  Defining and interpreting a set of KPI’s can be quite an art.  Firstly, it’s relatively easy to design a set of KPI’s that will show what has historically happened to the business or where the business is now. Your KPI’s should be set to help reach your future goals, and provide early warnings should you defer from the set path. Secondly, if you measure everything, you likely won’t see everything. Your set of KPI’s cannot be overwhelming.  But will what matters now, matter in 12 months? Lastly, a KPI’s will be a just number, without an understanding of  the drivers behind it, and more importantly the consequences down the  road.     

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision 

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) is an international committee formed to develop standards for banking regulation. As of 2022, it is made up of Central Banks and other banking regulatory authorities from 28 jurisdictions and has 45 members. 

The BCBS has developed a series of highly influential policy recommendations known as the Basel Accords. These are not binding and must be adopted by national policymakers in order to be enforced, but they have generally formed the basis of banks' capital requirements in countries represented by the committee and beyond. 

Regulatory capital 

A capital requirement (also known as regulatory capital) is the amount of capital a bank or other financial institution has to have as required by its financial regulator. This is usually expressed as a capital adequacy ratio of equity as a percentage of risk-weighted assets. These requirements are put into place to ensure that these institutions do not take on excess leverage and risk becoming insolvent. 

Under Basel III regulatory capital focuses on high-quality capital, predominantly in the form of shares and retained earnings that can absorb losses. 

Total available regulatory capital is the sum of two elements – Tier 1 capital, comprising CET1 and AT1, and Tier 2 capital. 

Tier 1 capital 

Known as going concern or core capital, Tier 1 is used to fund a financial institution's business activities. It includes Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital and Additional Tier 1 (AT1) capital. 

Common Equity Tier 1 capital (CET1): 

• Is the highest quality of regulatory capital, as it absorbs losses immediately when they occurs. 

• Sum of common shares and stock surplus, retained earnings, other comprehensive income, qualifying minority interest and regulatory adjustments 

Additional Tier 1 capital (AT1): 

• Also provides loss absorption on a going-concern basis, although AT1 instruments do not meet all the criteria for CET1. 

• Sum of capital instruments meeting the criteria for AT1 and related surplus, additional qualifying minority interest and regulatory adjustments 

Risk-Weighted Assets 

RWAs are all assets held by a bank that are weighted by credit risk. Most central banks set formulas for asset risk weights according to the Basel Committee’s guidelines. 

The different classes of assets held by banks carry different risk weights and adjusting the assets by their level of risk allows banks to discount lower-risk assets. When calculating the risk-weighted assets of a bank, the assets are first categorized into different classes based on the level of risk and the potential of incurring a loss. The banks’ loan portfolio, along with other assets such as cash and investments, is measured to determine the bank’s overall level of risk. This method is preferred by the Basel Committee because it includes off-balance sheet risks. It also makes it easy to compare banks from different countries around the world. 

Riskier assets, such as unsecured loans, carry a higher risk of default and are, therefore, assigned a higher risk weight than assets such as cash and Treasury bills. The higher the amount of risk an asset possesses, the higher the capital adequacy ratio and the capital requirements. 

Tier 1 capital ratio 

Is the ratio of a bank's Tier 1 capital to its risk. It is expressed as a percentage of a bank's risk-weighted credit exposures. The enforcement of regulated levels of this ratio is intended to protect depositors and promote stability and efficiency of financial systems around the world. 

The Basel III agreement, published in 2010, raised the capital requirements. It also introduced the distinction between Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. Under the new guidelines, the minimum CET1 capital ratio was set at 4.5%, and the minimum Tier 1 capital ratio (CET1 + AT1) was set at 6%.  

A bond is a type of investment — an investor essentially loans a company money when they buy a bond. In return for loaning (or investing) that money, the buyer receives the promise of future repayment and a fixed rate of interest above their initial investment. 

Companies, organizations, and governments issue bonds for other entities to buy so they can fund projects quickly. Issuing a bond puts the issuer in debt to a buyer — the money has to be paid back with interest. The bond comes with a contract that explains how much the bond is worth when it must be repaid, and how much interest will be charged.  The main difference is that the securities in DCM are bonds, rather than stocks or shares of a company.   Bonds consist of a wide range of different securities, with different risk-return profiles and characteristics.  

Here is a list of the more common bonds bought and sold in debt capital markets, with a general explanation of their characteristics: 

1. Investment-grade bonds: These bonds make up most of the market and carry low risk and low interest rates. They are generally used to raise money for funding working capital and regular operations. 

2. High-yield bonds: Remember that yield also means interest. Therefore, these are the high-interest bonds. They are also the most dangerous types because these are generally issued by companies that may not meet their payment obligations. 

3. Government bonds: Governments also sell bonds to investors to fund their operations. Perhaps you know them by their US name, which is Treasuries. These are generally safer than corporate bonds, but the terms of these bonds are still reliant on how the market evaluates their creditworthiness. Generally speaking, however, government bonds are backed by the full faith of the government and are of high creditworthiness. 

4. Emerging markets bonds: These are issued by developing countries, usually by their government. These countries generally have increased political and economic pressures meaning that their credit ratings are usually lower, resulting in higher yield. 

5. Municipal bonds: The US has the biggest market for these types of bonds. These are issued by a variety of government bodies, such as cities, school districts, and counties. 

Debt securities are promises that a company makes to lenders in exchange for funding – such as bonds, treasuries, money market instruments, etc. They are generally offered with the addition of interest rates, which do not change and are dependent on the perceived ability of the borrower to repay their debt. For example, if the borrower does not seem to have the ability to repay, then the interest rate on a debt security will be higher; the opposite occurs if the borrower possesses such ability. The two major ways of obtaining debt securities are either through the primary market or the secondary market.